python-django

Python Django

Overview

Django is a high-level Python web framework that follows the "batteries included" philosophy. It provides ORM, admin, auth, forms, and templating out of the box.

Project Structure

project/
├── manage.py
├── config/
│   ├── settings/
│   │   ├── base.py          # Shared settings
│   │   ├── development.py   # Dev overrides
│   │   └── production.py    # Prod overrides
│   ├── urls.py              # Root URL conf
│   └── wsgi.py
├── apps/
│   └── users/
│       ├── models.py        # Database models
│       ├── views.py         # View logic
│       ├── serializers.py   # DRF serializers (if API)
│       ├── urls.py          # App URL routes
│       ├── admin.py         # Admin config
│       ├── services.py      # Business logic
│       ├── tests/
│       │   ├── test_models.py
│       │   └── test_views.py
│       └── migrations/
└── requirements/
    ├── base.txt
    └── dev.txt

Core Patterns

Models

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser

class User(AbstractUser):
    email = models.EmailField(unique=True)
    bio = models.TextField(blank=True, default="")

    USERNAME_FIELD = "email"
    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ["username"]

    class Meta:
        ordering = ["-date_joined"]

    def __str__(self):
        return self.email

Views (DRF)

from rest_framework import viewsets, permissions, status
from rest_framework.decorators import action
from rest_framework.response import Response

class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    queryset = User.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer
    permission_classes = [permissions.IsAuthenticated]

    def get_queryset(self):
        return self.queryset.filter(is_active=True)

    @action(detail=False, methods=["get"])
    def me(self, request):
        serializer = self.get_serializer(request.user)
        return Response(serializer.data)

Services Layer

# apps/users/services.py — keep business logic out of views
class UserService:
    @staticmethod
    def create_user(email: str, password: str, **kwargs) -> User:
        user = User.objects.create_user(email=email, password=password, **kwargs)
        send_welcome_email.delay(user.id)  # Celery task
        return user