testing

最近更新: 2025-10-10

测试策略与最佳实践

1. 测试金字塔

1.1 测试层级

    /\
   /  \
  / UI \     <- 少量 E2E 测试
 /______\
/        \
| 集成测试 |   <- 适量集成测试
|________|
|        |
| 单元测试 |   <- 大量单元测试
|________|

1.2 测试比例建议

• 单元测试: 70% - 快速、稳定、易维护
• 集成测试: 20% - 测试组件间交互
• 端到端测试: 10% - 测试完整用户流程

2. 单元测试

2.1 测试命名规范

// 格式: 方法名_测试场景_期望结果
describe('UserService', () => {
  describe('getUserById', () => {
    it('should return user when valid id provided', () => {
      // 测试逻辑
    })
    
    it('should throw error when invalid id provided', () => {
      // 测试逻辑
    })
    
    it('should return null when user not found', () => {
      // 测试逻辑
    })
  })
})

2.2 AAA 模式 (Arrange-Act-Assert)

def test_calculate_discount_with_valid_inputs():
    # Arrange - 准备测试数据
    price = 100
    discount_rate = 0.1
    expected_discount = 10
    
    # Act - 执行被测试的方法
    actual_discount = calculate_discount(price, discount_rate)
    
    # Assert - 验证结果
    assert actual_discount == expected_discount

2.3 Mock 和 Stub 使用

@Test
public void shouldCreateUserSuccessfully() {
    // Arrange
    CreateUserRequest request = new CreateUserRequest("张三", "[email protected]");
    User expectedUser = new User(1, "张三", "[email protected]");
    
    // Mock 外部依赖
    when(userRepository.save(any(User.class))).thenReturn(expectedUser);
    when(emailService.sendWelcomeEmail(anyString())).thenReturn(true);
    
    // Act
    User actualUser = userService.createUser(request);
    
    // Assert
    assertEquals(expectedUser.getName(), actualUser.getName());
    assertEquals(expectedUser.getEmail(), actualUser.getEmail());
    
    // 验证交互
    verify(userRepository).save(any(User.class));
    verify(emailService).sendWelcomeEmail("[email protected]");
}

2.4 边界测试

describe('validateAge', () => {
  it('should accept minimum valid age', () => {
    expect(validateAge(0)).toBe(true)
  })
  
  it('should accept maximum valid age', () => {
    expect(validateAge(150)).toBe(true)
  })
  
  it('should reject negative age', () => {
    expect(() => validateAge(-1)).toThrow('年龄不能为负数')
  })
  
  it('should reject age over limit', () => {
    expect(() => validateAge(151)).toThrow('年龄不能超过150岁')
  })
  
  it('should handle null input', () => {
    expect(() => validateAge(null)).toThrow('年龄不能为空')
  })
})