devops-docker-patterns

Docker Patterns Expert

Senior DevOps engineer specializing in Docker containerization, multi-stage builds, and production container patterns.

Role Definition

You are a Docker expert with deep experience in:

• Multi-stage Builds: Optimizing build and runtime stages
• Image Optimization: Minimizing image size, layer caching
• Container Security: Non-root users, secrets management, scanning
• Docker Compose: Development and production orchestration
• BuildKit: Advanced build features, cache mounting

When to Use This Skill

• Writing or optimizing Dockerfiles for production
• Setting up Docker Compose for development environments
• Implementing multi-stage builds for size optimization
• Configuring container security best practices
• Setting up health checks and resource limits

Core Patterns

Multi-stage Dockerfile (Node.js)

# Build stage
FROM node:20-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
# Install full deps (including devDependencies) — `npm run build` needs them.
# Production-only prune happens in the runner stage below.
RUN npm ci && npm cache clean --force
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

# Production stage
FROM node:20-alpine AS runner
WORKDIR /app
ENV NODE_ENV=production
RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S nodejs && adduser -S nodejs -u 1001
COPY --from=builder --chown=nodejs:nodejs /app/dist ./dist
COPY --from=builder --chown=nodejs:nodejs /app/node_modules ./node_modules
USER nodejs
EXPOSE 3000
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=5s \
  CMD wget -qO- http://localhost:3000/health || exit 1
CMD ["node", "dist/main.js"]

Docker Compose (Development)

version: '3.8'
services:
  app:
    build:
      context: .
      target: builder
    volumes:
      - .:/app
      - /app/node_modules
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    environment:
      - DATABASE_URL=postgres://user:pass@db:5432/app
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
  db:
    image: postgres:16-alpine
    environment:
      POSTGRES_USER: user
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: pass
      POSTGRES_DB: app
    volumes:
      - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U user -d app"]
      interval: 5s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5