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CQRS Implementation

Comprehensive guide to implementing CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation) patterns.

When to Use This Skill

• Separating read and write concerns
• Scaling reads independently from writes
• Building event-sourced systems
• Optimizing complex query scenarios
• Different read/write data models needed
• High-performance reporting requirements

Core Concepts

1. CQRS Architecture

                    ┌─────────────┐
                    │   Client    │
                    └──────┬──────┘
                           │
              ┌────────────┴────────────┐
              │                         │
              ▼                         ▼
       ┌─────────────┐          ┌─────────────┐
       │  Commands   │          │   Queries   │
       │    API      │          │    API      │
       └──────┬──────┘          └──────┬──────┘
              │                         │
              ▼                         ▼
       ┌─────────────┐          ┌─────────────┐
       │  Command    │          │   Query     │
       │  Handlers   │          │  Handlers   │
       └──────┬──────┘          └──────┬──────┘
              │                         │
              ▼                         ▼
       ┌─────────────┐          ┌─────────────┐
       │   Write     │─────────►│    Read     │
       │   Model     │  Events  │   Model     │
       └─────────────┘          └─────────────┘

2. Key Components

Component	Responsibility
Command	Intent to change state
Command Handler	Validates and executes commands
Event	Record of state change
Query	Request for data
Query Handler	Retrieves data from read model
Projector	Updates read model from events

Templates

Template 1: Command Infrastructure

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Dict, Any, Type
from datetime import datetime
import uuid

# Command base
@dataclass
class Command:
    command_id: str = None
    timestamp: datetime = None

    def __post_init__(self):
        self.command_id = self.command_id or str(uuid.uuid4())
        self.timestamp = self.timestamp or datetime.utcnow()


# Concrete commands
@dataclass
class CreateOrder(Command):
    customer_id: str
    items: list
    shipping_address: dict


@dataclass
class AddOrderItem(Command):
    order_id: str
    product_id: str
    quantity: int
    price: float


@dataclass
class CancelOrder(Command):
    order_id: str
    reason: str


# Command handler base
T = TypeVar('T', bound=Command)

class CommandHandler(ABC, Generic[T]):
    @abstractmethod
    async def handle(self, command: T) -> Any:
        pass


# Command bus
class CommandBus:
    def __init__(self):
        self._handlers: Dict[Type[Command], CommandHandler] = {}

    def register(self, command_type: Type[Command], handler: CommandHandler):
        self._handlers[command_type] = handler

    async def dispatch(self, command: Command) -> Any:
        handler = self._handlers.get(type(command))
        if not handler:
            raise ValueError(f"No handler for {type(command).__name__}")
        return await handler.handle(command)


# Command handler implementation
class CreateOrderHandler(CommandHandler[CreateOrder]):
    def __init__(self, order_repository, event_store):
        self.order_repository = order_repository
        self.event_store = event_store

    async def handle(self, command: CreateOrder) -> str:
        # Validate
        if not command.items:
            raise ValueError("Order must have at least one item")

        # Create aggregate
        order = Order.create(
            customer_id=command.customer_id,
            items=command.items,
            shipping_address=command.shipping_address
        )

        # Persist events
        await self.event_store.append_events(
            stream_id=f"Order-{order.id}",
            stream_type="Order",
            events=order.uncommitted_events
        )

        return order.id