solid-principles

SOLID Principles Skill

Review and apply SOLID principles in Java code.

When to Use

• User says "check SOLID" / "SOLID review" / "is this class doing too much?"
• Reviewing class design
• Refactoring large classes
• Code review focusing on design

---

Quick Reference

Letter	Principle	One-liner
S	Single Responsibility	One class = one reason to change
O	Open/Closed	Open for extension, closed for modification
L	Liskov Substitution	Subtypes must be substitutable for base types
I	Interface Segregation	Many specific interfaces > one general interface
D	Dependency Inversion	Depend on abstractions, not concretions

---

S - Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

"A class should have only one reason to change."

Violation

// ❌ BAD: UserService does too much
public class UserService {

    public User createUser(String name, String email) {
        // validation logic
        if (email == null || !email.contains("@")) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid email");
        }

        // persistence logic
        User user = new User(name, email);
        entityManager.persist(user);

        // notification logic
        String subject = "Welcome!";
        String body = "Hello " + name;
        emailClient.send(email, subject, body);

        // audit logic
        auditLog.log("User created: " + email);

        return user;
    }
}

Problems:

• Validation changes? Modify UserService
• Email template changes? Modify UserService
• Audit format changes? Modify UserService
• Hard to test each concern separately

Refactored

// ✅ GOOD: Each class has one responsibility

public class UserValidator {
    public void validate(String name, String email) {
        if (email == null || !email.contains("@")) {
            throw new ValidationException("Invalid email");
        }
    }
}

public class UserRepository {
    public User save(User user) {
        entityManager.persist(user);
        return user;
    }
}

public class WelcomeEmailSender {
    public void sendWelcome(User user) {
        String subject = "Welcome!";
        String body = "Hello " + user.getName();
        emailClient.send(user.getEmail(), subject, body);
    }
}

public class UserAuditLogger {
    public void logCreation(User user) {
        auditLog.log("User created: " + user.getEmail());
    }
}

public class UserService {
    private final UserValidator validator;
    private final UserRepository repository;
    private final WelcomeEmailSender emailSender;
    private final UserAuditLogger auditLogger;

    public User createUser(String name, String email) {
        validator.validate(name, email);
        User user = repository.save(new User(name, email));
        emailSender.sendWelcome(user);
        auditLogger.logCreation(user);
        return user;
    }
}