go-interface-design

Go Interface Design

Go interfaces are implicit. This is the single most important design feature of the language, and most people coming from Java or C# get it wrong at first.

1. The Cardinal Rule: Define Interfaces at the Consumer

The consumer of a behavior defines the interface, NOT the provider:

// ❌ Wrong — producer defines interface (Java thinking)
// package store
type UserStore interface {      // defined alongside implementation
    GetByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*User, error)
    Create(ctx context.Context, user *User) error
    // ... 15 more methods
}

type PostgresStore struct { ... }
func (s *PostgresStore) GetByID(...) { ... }
func (s *PostgresStore) Create(...) { ... }

// ✅ Right — consumer defines what it needs
// package service
type UserReader interface {     // only what THIS service needs
    GetByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*domain.User, error)
}

type UserService struct {
    store UserReader  // depends on narrow interface
}

// package store (no interface defined here)
type PostgresStore struct { db *sql.DB }
func (s *PostgresStore) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*domain.User, error) { ... }
func (s *PostgresStore) Create(ctx context.Context, user *domain.User) error { ... }

// PostgresStore satisfies service.UserReader implicitly — no declaration needed

Why this matters:

• Consumer depends only on what it uses (Interface Segregation Principle).
• Producer can add methods without breaking consumers.
• Testing requires only the methods the consumer calls.
• No import cycle: consumer doesn't import producer's package.

2. Keep Interfaces Small

The bigger the interface, the weaker the abstraction.

// ✅ Good — focused, composable
type Reader interface {
    Read(p []byte) (n int, err error)
}

type Writer interface {
    Write(p []byte) (n int, err error)
}

type ReadWriter interface {
    Reader
    Writer
}

// ❌ Bad — kitchen sink interface
type FileManager interface {
    Read(path string) ([]byte, error)
    Write(path string, data []byte) error
    Delete(path string) error
    List(dir string) ([]string, error)
    Move(src, dst string) error
    Copy(src, dst string) error
    Stat(path string) (os.FileInfo, error)
    Watch(path string) (<-chan Event, error)
}