effect-errors-retries

Errors & Retries

When to use

• You’re defining domain errors and recovery policies
• You need to map infrastructure errors to domain boundaries
• You must add retries, backoff, jitter, and timeouts

Model Errors

import { Data } from "effect"

class ValidationError extends Data.TaggedError("ValidationError")<{ field: string; reason: string }>{}
class NotFoundError extends Data.TaggedError("NotFoundError")<{ id: string }>{}

Map/Boundary

const repoCall = Effect.fail(new ValidationError({ field: "name", reason: "empty" }))

const service = repoCall.pipe(
  Effect.mapError((e) => new ServiceError({ cause: e }))
)

Recover Precisely

program.pipe(
  Effect.catchTags({
    ValidationError: (e) => Effect.succeed(fix(e)),
    NotFoundError: (e) => Effect.succeed(defaultValue)
  })
)

Retry Policies

import { Schedule } from "effect"

const retry = Schedule.exponential("100 millis").pipe(
  Schedule.jittered,
  Schedule.compose(Schedule.recurs(5))
)

const resilient = program.pipe(Effect.retry(retry))

Timeouts & Races

const withTimeout = Effect.timeout(program, "2 seconds")

Guidance & Pitfalls

• Create separate TaggedError types per failure mode; avoid generic Error
• Map low-level (HTTP/DB) errors to domain errors at the boundary
• Retry only transient errors (use predicates with Schedule.whileInput)
• Always combine retry with timeouts for bounded latency
• Prefer catchTags over broad catchAll for clarity and safety

Real-world snippet: Map HTTP errors and retry selectively

// Verify URL with HEAD-range request, map ResponseError to domain errors,
// retry with exponential backoff unless invalid.
const verify = http.get(url, { headers: { range: "bytes=0-0" } }).pipe(
  Effect.flatMap(HttpClientResponse.filterStatus((s) => s < 400)),
  Effect.catchIf(
    (e) => e._tag === "ResponseError",
    (cause) =>
      cause.response.status < 500
        ? Effect.fail(new VideoInvalidError({ cause: "NotFound" }))
        : Effect.fail(new ExternalLoomError({ cause: cause.response }))
  ),
  Effect.retry({
    schedule: Schedule.exponential("200 millis"),
    times: 3,
    while: (e) => e._tag !== "VideoInvalidError"
  }),
  Effect.catchTag("RequestError", Effect.die)
)