cpp

C++

Overview

Modern C++ (C++11 and beyond) patterns including RAII, smart pointers, templates, and STL.

Modern C++ Fundamentals

Smart Pointers

#include <memory>
#include <iostream>

// unique_ptr - exclusive ownership
class Resource {
public:
    Resource() { std::cout << "Resource acquired\n"; }
    ~Resource() { std::cout << "Resource released\n"; }
    void use() { std::cout << "Resource used\n"; }
};

void unique_ptr_example() {
    // Create unique_ptr
    auto ptr = std::make_unique<Resource>();
    ptr->use();

    // Transfer ownership
    auto ptr2 = std::move(ptr);
    // ptr is now nullptr

    // Array support
    auto arr = std::make_unique<int[]>(10);
}

// shared_ptr - shared ownership
void shared_ptr_example() {
    auto shared1 = std::make_shared<Resource>();
    {
        auto shared2 = shared1; // Reference count = 2
        shared2->use();
    } // shared2 destroyed, count = 1

    std::cout << "Use count: " << shared1.use_count() << "\n";
} // shared1 destroyed, resource released

// weak_ptr - non-owning reference
class Node {
public:
    std::shared_ptr<Node> next;
    std::weak_ptr<Node> prev; // Avoid circular reference

    ~Node() { std::cout << "Node destroyed\n"; }
};

void weak_ptr_example() {
    auto node1 = std::make_shared<Node>();
    auto node2 = std::make_shared<Node>();

    node1->next = node2;
    node2->prev = node1; // weak_ptr, no ownership

    if (auto locked = node2->prev.lock()) {
        // Use locked (shared_ptr)
    }
}

RAII Pattern

#include <fstream>
#include <mutex>

// File wrapper with RAII
class File {
    std::fstream file_;

public:
    explicit File(const std::string& filename)
        : file_(filename, std::ios::in | std::ios::out) {
        if (!file_.is_open()) {
            throw std::runtime_error("Failed to open file");
        }
    }

    ~File() {
        if (file_.is_open()) {
            file_.close();
        }
    }

    // Delete copy operations
    File(const File&) = delete;
    File& operator=(const File&) = delete;

    // Allow move operations
    File(File&& other) noexcept : file_(std::move(other.file_)) {}
    File& operator=(File&& other) noexcept {
        file_ = std::move(other.file_);
        return *this;
    }

    void write(const std::string& data) {
        file_ << data;
    }
};

// Lock guard (RAII for mutex)
class ThreadSafeCounter {
    mutable std::mutex mutex_;
    int count_ = 0;

public:
    void increment() {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
        ++count_;
    }

    int get() const {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
        return count_;
    }
};

// Scoped cleanup
template<typename F>
class ScopeGuard {
    F cleanup_;
    bool active_ = true;

public:
    explicit ScopeGuard(F cleanup) : cleanup_(std::move(cleanup)) {}

    ~ScopeGuard() {
        if (active_) cleanup_();
    }

    void dismiss() { active_ = false; }

    ScopeGuard(const ScopeGuard&) = delete;
    ScopeGuard& operator=(const ScopeGuard&) = delete;
};

// Usage
void example() {
    auto resource = acquireResource();
    ScopeGuard guard([&]() { releaseResource(resource); });

    // Do work...

    guard.dismiss(); // Don't cleanup if successful
}