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Convex Schema Validator

Define and validate database schemas in Convex with proper typing, index configuration, optional fields, unions, and strategies for schema migrations.

Documentation Sources

Before implementing, do not assume; fetch the latest documentation:

• Primary: https://docs.convex.dev/database/schemas
• Indexes: https://docs.convex.dev/database/indexes
• Data Types: https://docs.convex.dev/database/types
• For broader context: https://docs.convex.dev/llms.txt

Instructions

Basic Schema Definition

// convex/schema.ts
import { defineSchema, defineTable } from "convex/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";

export default defineSchema({
  users: defineTable({
    name: v.string(),
    email: v.string(),
    avatarUrl: v.optional(v.string()),
    createdAt: v.number(),
  }),
  
  tasks: defineTable({
    title: v.string(),
    description: v.optional(v.string()),
    completed: v.boolean(),
    userId: v.id("users"),
    priority: v.union(
      v.literal("low"),
      v.literal("medium"),
      v.literal("high")
    ),
  }),
});

Validator Types

Validator	TypeScript Type	Example
v.string()	string	"hello"
v.number()	number	42, 3.14
v.boolean()	boolean	true, false
v.null()	null	null
v.int64()	bigint	9007199254740993n
v.bytes()	ArrayBuffer	Binary data
v.id("table")	Id<"table">	Document reference
v.array(v)	T[]	[1, 2, 3]
v.object({})	{ ... }	{ name: "..." }
v.optional(v)	T | undefined	Optional field
v.union(...)	T1 | T2	Multiple types
v.literal(x)	"x"	Exact value
v.any()	any	Any value
v.record(k, v)	Record<K, V>	Dynamic keys

Index Configuration

export default defineSchema({
  messages: defineTable({
    channelId: v.id("channels"),
    authorId: v.id("users"),
    content: v.string(),
    sentAt: v.number(),
  })
    // Single field index
    .index("by_channel", ["channelId"])
    // Compound index
    .index("by_channel_and_author", ["channelId", "authorId"])
    // Index for sorting
    .index("by_channel_and_time", ["channelId", "sentAt"]),
    
  // Full-text search index
  articles: defineTable({
    title: v.string(),
    body: v.string(),
    category: v.string(),
  })
    .searchIndex("search_content", {
      searchField: "body",
      filterFields: ["category"],
    }),
});