flyway-migrations

Flyway Migrations

File Naming Convention

src/main/resources/db/migration/

V{version}__{description}.sql       ← versioned (run once)
R__{description}.sql                ← repeatable (run when checksum changes)
U{version}__{description}.sql       ← undo (requires Flyway Teams)

Examples:
V1__create_users_table.sql
V2__create_orders_table.sql
V2.1__add_order_status_index.sql
V3__add_customer_email_to_orders.sql
R__create_reporting_views.sql

Rules:

• Double underscore __ between version and description
• Underscore _ for spaces in description
• Sequential versions — never go back and fill gaps
• Never modify a migration that has already run in any environment

Example Migrations

-- V1__create_users_table.sql
CREATE TABLE users (
    id          UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    email       VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    password    VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    role        VARCHAR(50)  NOT NULL DEFAULT 'USER',
    created_at  TIMESTAMPTZ  NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
    updated_at  TIMESTAMPTZ  NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW()
);

CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);

-- V2__create_orders_table.sql
CREATE TABLE orders (
    id              UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    user_id         UUID NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id),
    status          VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'PENDING',
    total_amount    NUMERIC(12, 2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
    created_at      TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
    updated_at      TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW()
);

CREATE INDEX idx_orders_user_id  ON orders(user_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_orders_status   ON orders(status);
CREATE INDEX idx_orders_created  ON orders(created_at DESC);

-- V3__add_shipping_address_to_orders.sql
-- Adding a column — always nullable or with default (safe for existing rows)
ALTER TABLE orders
    ADD COLUMN shipping_address TEXT,
    ADD COLUMN shipped_at TIMESTAMPTZ;

Safe Migration Patterns

-- ✅ Safe: add nullable column
ALTER TABLE orders ADD COLUMN notes TEXT;

-- ✅ Safe: add column with default
ALTER TABLE orders ADD COLUMN priority INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0;

-- ✅ Safe: rename via expand → migrate → contract, spread across deploys
-- Step 1 (V5): add new column (nullable — old instances keep inserting without it)
ALTER TABLE orders ADD COLUMN customer_email VARCHAR(255);
-- Step 2 (V5): backfill
UPDATE orders SET customer_email = (SELECT email FROM users WHERE users.id = orders.user_id);
-- Step 3 (V7, only after EVERY writer populates customer_email): add the check as NOT VALID —
-- instant, no table scan, but new rows are already enforced
ALTER TABLE orders ADD CONSTRAINT orders_customer_email_nn CHECK (customer_email IS NOT NULL) NOT VALID;
-- Step 4 (V8 — a SEPARATE migration, so the V7 lock is already released): validate without
-- blocking writes, then SET NOT NULL reuses the validated check and skips the scan (PG 12+)
ALTER TABLE orders VALIDATE CONSTRAINT orders_customer_email_nn;
ALTER TABLE orders ALTER COLUMN customer_email SET NOT NULL;
-- Step 5 (V9, after no deployed code reads user_id): drop old column
ALTER TABLE orders DROP COLUMN user_id;

-- ✅ Safe: add index CONCURRENTLY (no table lock in Postgres) — TWO rules, both required:
-- 1. Put it ALONE in its own migration file. Flyway detects CONCURRENTLY as
--    non-transactional; mixed with any other statement the migration is rejected:
--    "Detected both transactional and non-transactional statements".
-- 2. Set spring.flyway.postgresql.transactional-lock=false. Flyway's default
--    advisory lock holds an open transaction on a second connection, and
--    CONCURRENTLY waits for every open transaction — including Flyway's own.
--    The migration hangs forever. Session-level locks still block concurrent migrators.
-- V6__index_orders_email.sql (after V5 adds the column)
CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY idx_orders_email ON orders(customer_email);

-- ❌ Dangerous: rename column directly (breaks running app)
ALTER TABLE orders RENAME COLUMN user_id TO customer_id;

-- ❌ Dangerous: NOT NULL without default on large table (locks table)
ALTER TABLE orders ADD COLUMN priority INT NOT NULL; -- will fail on existing rows