Design of active analog circuits built around operational amplifiers and discrete gain stages — inverting, non-inverting, difference, and instrumentation topologies, negative feedback and loop stability (gain-bandwidth product, phase margin, compensation), active filters (Sallen-Key, multiple-feedback biquad)…
Systematic analysis of DC and AC linear circuits using Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, node and mesh methods, Thevenin and Norton equivalents, phasor analysis, and Bode plots. Covers series and parallel reduction, superposition, source transformation, impedance in the frequency domain, first and second order transient…
Design and analysis of combinational and sequential digital circuits using Boolean algebra, truth tables, K-maps, CMOS gate implementation, flip-flops, registers, counters, and finite state machines. Covers De Morgan's theorems, canonical sum-of-products and product-of-sums forms, minimization techniques, propagation…
Embedded firmware development for microcontrollers including memory-mapped I/O, GPIO, interrupts, timers, UART/SPI/I2C serial protocols, PWM generation, ADC sampling, interrupt-driven versus polled architectures, RTOS fundamentals, and the bring-up sequence from power-on reset through first printf. Covers AVR/Arduino…
Physical principles underlying diodes, bipolar junction transistors, and MOSFETs — carrier concentrations, drift and diffusion, the pn junction, forward and reverse bias, the Shockley diode equation, BJT operating regions, MOSFET threshold and saturation, small-signal models, and temperature effects. Use when…
Foundations of digital signal processing — sampling, aliasing, the Nyquist criterion, quantization, convolution, the discrete Fourier transform, FFT, FIR and IIR filter design, windowing, spectral leakage, and practical issues in fixed-point versus floating-point implementation. Use when designing filters, analyzing…
Bench instruments and measurement techniques for electronics — digital multimeter, oscilloscope, logic analyzer, spectrum analyzer, function generator, power supply, and their proper use. Covers probing technique, ground loops, loading effects, trigger modes, FFT mode pitfalls, signal integrity, noise budget analysis…
Classical control and system dynamics for engineered systems — feedback and closed-loop control, transfer functions and block diagrams, poles/zeros and stability, time-domain response (rise time, overshoot, settling time), PID controllers and tuning, and frequency response (Bode plots, gain and phase margin). Traces…
Engineering design cycle covering requirements elicitation, specifications writing, constraint identification, iterative prototyping, and design communication. Spans the full loop from problem definition through ideation, analysis, prototyping, testing, and redesign. Includes morphological charts, TRIZ, Pugh matrices…
Engineering ethics covering safety, professional codes of conduct, public welfare responsibility, whistleblowing, case studies (Challenger, Columbia, Hyatt Regency, Bhopal, Therac-25), and the ethical dimensions of design decisions. Includes the NSPE Code of Ethics, the iron ring tradition, risk communication…
CAD fundamentals, 3D printing (FDM/SLA/SLS), CNC machining, workshop skills, rapid prototyping methodology, and testing of physical prototypes. Covers fidelity levels, material selection for prototypes, dimensional tolerancing, assembly planning, and the iterate-test loop. Use when building prototypes, selecting…
Systems engineering covering requirements management, the V-model lifecycle, integration planning, verification and validation (V&V), interface control, trade studies, and the NASA Systems Engineering Handbook. Spans the full lifecycle from concept through operations and disposal. Includes requirements decomposition…
Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and water cycles — pools, fluxes, residence times, and anthropogenic perturbations. Covers the fast and slow carbon cycles, the Haber-Bosch disruption of the nitrogen cycle, the phosphorus bottleneck, the hydrological cycle, ocean acidification, and the planetary boundaries…
Climate physics, forcing, feedback, and attribution. Covers the greenhouse effect and radiative forcing, climate sensitivity, fast and slow feedbacks, the paleoclimate record, detection and attribution science, regional climate impacts, and the distinction between weather, climate variability, and forced climate…
Ecological organization, energy flow, food webs, biodiversity, succession, and species interactions. Covers trophic structure, primary productivity, nutrient transfer efficiency, keystone and foundation species, ecosystem services, carrying capacity, disturbance regimes, primary and secondary succession, and…
Distributional analysis of environmental benefits and burdens across communities. Covers the historical origins of environmental justice in the U.S. civil rights tradition, siting and exposure disparities, indigenous rights and land stewardship, climate justice at global and intergenerational scales, procedural vs.…
Human modification of Earth's systems and the geographic dimensions of environmental change. Covers climate change science (greenhouse effect, feedback loops, projections), deforestation and land use change, desertification and soil degradation, water resource management, biodiversity loss and conservation geography…
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