http-parameter-pollution

A security testing guide for HTTP Parameter Pollution, where the same request key appears more than once, such as `id=1&id=2`. It examines how browsers, firewalls, proxies, and applications may interpret those repeated values differently.

In plain words
What is it for?
Use it to test repeated query or form fields, compare first-value, last-value, and combined-value behavior, and investigate issues involving filters, internal URLs, payments, user roles, or CSRF tokens.
Why use it?
Different parts of a request path may check one value but use another, allowing security checks to be bypassed or application logic to be altered.

Skill for Claude CodeCodex

Install

Getting it into your agent

One page per mod, every tool's command on it. A separate URL per tool would split the same page into five that compete with each other.

agentmods
npx agentmods add skills/yaklang/hack-skills/http-parameter-pollution
Any agent
npx skills add yaklang/hack-skills --skill http-parameter-pollution
Clone the repo
git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/yaklang/hack-skills

Made for: Claude Code, Codex.

Per session 62 Skills are progressive disclosure: only the name and description are preloaded; the body loads when the skill is used.
When invoked 1,780 The whole file, excluding the scripts and references it only reads on demand.
Security scan C 1 finding. Scan, not verified.
Origin original No closer match found in the catalogue.
Token cost

What it costs to keep this loaded

Counted locally with the o200k_base tokenizer, which is exact for GPT models; Claude uses its own tokenizer and its counts differ. Treat this as one consistent yardstick across the catalogue rather than a bill. Prices are per million input tokens.

ModelPer sessionOnce invoked
Fable 5 $0.00062 $0.01780
Opus 5 $0.00031 $0.00890
Sonnet 5 $0.00012 $0.00356
Haiku 4.5 $0.00006 $0.00178

Measured 3d ago against content hash d456fea84782, method: parsed. Prices are Anthropic first-party input rates as of 2026-08-30, from the pricing page.

Security

Grade C, and why

http-parameter-pollution scanned grade C with 1 finding against 26 rules in 11 categories — prompt injection, anti-refusal, data exfiltration, privilege escalation, supply chain, agent snooping, system-prompt leakage, SSRF and excessive agency — measured 3d ago.

A static scan of the body, not an audit. Every finding is printed with the line that produced it so you can judge whether it matters here. A mod is markdown that instructs an agent; that is exactly why what it instructs is worth reading.

Cloud metadata endpointhighServer-side request forgery

One request to 169.254.169.254 can return temporary IAM credentials.

url=https://allowed.cdn.example/&url=http://169.254.169.254/
Origin

Copies of this mod

2 near-identical copies found in the catalogue:

skills/http-parameter-pollution/SKILL.md · 209 lines

How it starts

The opening of the file, as written. The whole thing — 209 lines — stays where its author put it; the contents beside it link to each section on GitHub.

SKILL: HTTP Parameter Pollution (HPP)

AI LOAD INSTRUCTION: Model the full request path: browser → CDN/WAF → reverse proxy → app framework → business code. Duplicate keys (a=1&a=2) are not an error at HTTP level; each hop may pick first, last, join, or array-ify. Test HPP when WAF and app disagree, or when internal HTTP clients rebuild query strings. Routing note: when the same parameter appears multiple times, or WAF/backend stacks differ, use the Section 1 matrix to test first/last/merge assumptions, then design Section 3 scenario chains.

0. QUICK START

Hypothesis: the security check reads one occurrence of a parameter while the action reads another.

First-pass payloads

id=1&id=2
id=1&id=1%20OR%201=1
url=https://legit.example&id=https://evil.example
amount=1&amount=9999
csrf=TOKEN_A&csrf=TOKEN_B
user=alice&user=admin

Body variants (repeat for POST)

application/x-www-form-urlencoded
id=1&id=2

multipart/form-data
------boundary
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="id"
1
------boundary
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="id"
2

Quick methodology

  1. Fingerprint front stack (CDN/WAF) vs origin (language/framework) using baseline a=1&a=2.
  2. Send both orders: a=1&a=2 and a=2&a=1 (some parsers are order-sensitive).
  3. If JSON: test duplicate keys and Content-Type confusion (see Section 2).

1. SERVER BEHAVIOR MATRIX

Typical defaults — always confirm; middleware and custom parsers override these.

Technology Behavior Example: a=1&a=2
PHP / Apache ($_GET) Last occurrence a=2
ASP.NET / IIS Often comma-joined (all) a=1,2
JSP / Tomcat (servlet param) First occurrence a=1
Python / Django (QueryDict) Last occurrence a=2
Python / Flask (request.args) First occurrence a=1
Node.js / Express (req.query) Array of values a=['1','2'] (shape may vary by parser version)
Perl / CGI First occurrence a=1
Ruby / Rack (Rack::Utils) Last occurrence a=2
Go net/http (ParseQuery) First occurrence a=1

Read the full file on GitHub · 209 lines

Changes

What this file has done since we first saw it

Hashed on every crawl. A supply-chain change to an agent config is a question of when, not whether, so the history is kept rather than the latest state alone.

  1. 3d ago First seen · 209 lines · 62 tokens per session scan C d456fea84782

Subscribe to this mod's changes

http-parameter-pollution is a skill published in the GitHub repository yaklang/hack-skills (2,004 stars, last pushed 2mo ago), licensed MIT. It adds 62 tokens to every session and 1,780 once invoked, about $0.0003 per session on Opus 5. A static security scan graded it C with 1 finding (cloud metadata endpoint). No closer match exists in the catalogue, so it is treated as the original; first seen 2026-08-30.

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