linux-bash-scripting

Linux Bash Scripting

Target: GNU Bash 4.4+ on Linux. No macOS/BSD workarounds, no Windows paths, no POSIX-only restrictions.

Script Foundation

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -Eeuo pipefail
shopt -s inherit_errexit

readonly SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd -P)"

trap 'printf "Error at %s:%d\n" "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" "$LINENO" >&2' ERR
trap 'rm -rf -- "${_tmpdir:-}"' EXIT

• -E propagates ERR traps into functions
• inherit_errexit propagates errexit into $() command substitutions
• Always create temp dirs under the EXIT trap: _tmpdir=$(mktemp -d)

Core Rules

• Quote every expansion: "$var", "$(cmd)", "${array[@]}"
• local for function variables, local -r for function constants, readonly for script constants
• printf '%s\n' over echo — predictable behavior, no flag interpretation
• [[ ]] for conditionals; (( )) for arithmetic; $() over backticks
• End options with --: rm -rf -- "$path", grep -- "$pattern" "$file"
• Require env vars: : "${VAR:?must be set}"
• Never eval user input; build commands as arrays: cmd=("grep" "--" "$pat" "$f"); "${cmd[@]}"
• Separate local from assignment to preserve exit codes: local val; val=$(cmd)

Safe Iteration

# NUL-delimited file processing
while IFS= read -r -d '' f; do
    process "$f"
done < <(find /path -type f -name '*.log' -print0)

# Array from command output
readarray -t lines < <(command)
readarray -d '' files < <(find . -print0)

# Glob with no-match guard
for f in *.txt; do [[ -e "$f" ]] || continue; process "$f"; done

Argument Parsing

verbose=false; output=""
while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
    case "$1" in
        -v|--verbose) verbose=true; shift ;;
        -o|--output)  output="$2"; shift 2 ;;
        -h|--help)    usage; exit 0 ;;
        --)           shift; break ;;
        -*)           printf 'Unknown: %s\n' "$1" >&2; exit 1 ;;
        *)            break ;;
    esac
done

Production Patterns

Dependency check:

require() { command -v "$1" &>/dev/null || { printf 'Missing: %s\n' "$1" >&2; exit 1; }; }
require jq; require curl