energy-expert

Energy Expert

Expert guidance for energy systems, smart grid technology, renewable energy integration, power management, and energy sector software development.

Core Concepts

Energy Systems

• Smart grid infrastructure
• Renewable energy systems (solar, wind, hydro)
• Power generation and distribution
• Energy storage systems (batteries, pumped hydro)
• Demand response management
• Energy trading and markets
• Grid stability and load balancing

Smart Grid Technology

• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
• Distribution Management Systems (DMS)
• Energy Management Systems (EMS)
• Outage Management Systems (OMS)
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• Real-time monitoring and control

Standards and Protocols

• IEC 61850 (power utility automation)
• Modbus (industrial protocol)
• DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol)
• IEEE 2030 (smart grid interoperability)
• OpenADR (automated demand response)
• CIM (Common Information Model)
• MQTT for IoT devices

Renewable Energy Integration

from datetime import datetime, timedelta
import math

class RenewableEnergyManager:
    """Manage renewable energy sources in the grid"""

    def __init__(self):
        self.solar_farms = {}
        self.wind_farms = {}
        self.energy_storage = {}

    def calculate_solar_output(self,
                              capacity_kw: float,
                              location: tuple,
                              timestamp: datetime,
                              cloud_cover: float = 0.0) -> float:
        """Calculate solar panel output based on conditions"""
        lat, lon = location

        # Calculate solar angle (simplified)
        day_of_year = timestamp.timetuple().tm_yday
        hour = timestamp.hour + timestamp.minute / 60.0

        # Solar declination
        declination = 23.45 * math.sin(math.radians((360/365) * (day_of_year - 81)))

        # Hour angle
        hour_angle = 15 * (hour - 12)

        # Solar elevation angle
        elevation = math.asin(
            math.sin(math.radians(lat)) * math.sin(math.radians(declination)) +
            math.cos(math.radians(lat)) * math.cos(math.radians(declination)) *
            math.cos(math.radians(hour_angle))
        )

        # Base output (0-1 scale)
        if elevation <= 0:
            return 0.0  # Night time

        base_output = math.sin(elevation)

        # Apply cloud cover factor
        cloud_factor = 1.0 - (cloud_cover * 0.75)

        # Calculate actual output
        output_kw = capacity_kw * base_output * cloud_factor

        return max(0.0, output_kw)

    def calculate_wind_output(self,
                            capacity_kw: float,
                            wind_speed_ms: float,
                            cut_in_speed: float = 3.0,
                            rated_speed: float = 12.0,
                            cut_out_speed: float = 25.0) -> float:
        """Calculate wind turbine output based on wind speed"""

        # Below cut-in speed
        if wind_speed_ms < cut_in_speed:
            return 0.0

        # Above cut-out speed (safety shutdown)
        if wind_speed_ms > cut_out_speed:
            return 0.0

        # Between cut-in and rated speed (cubic relationship)
        if wind_speed_ms < rated_speed:
            power_coefficient = ((wind_speed_ms - cut_in_speed) /
                               (rated_speed - cut_in_speed)) ** 3
            return capacity_kw * power_coefficient

        # At or above rated speed
        return capacity_kw

    def optimize_energy_storage(self,
                               current_demand: float,
                               renewable_output: float,
                               storage_capacity: float,
                               storage_level: float,
                               grid_price: float) -> dict:
        """Optimize battery storage charge/discharge"""

        surplus = renewable_output - current_demand

        action = 'hold'
        amount = 0.0

        # Surplus energy - charge battery
        if surplus > 0 and storage_level < storage_capacity:
            charge_amount = min(surplus, storage_capacity - storage_level)
            action = 'charge'
            amount = charge_amount

        # Deficit and high price - discharge battery
        elif surplus < 0 and storage_level > 0:
            discharge_amount = min(abs(surplus), storage_level)

            # Only discharge if grid price is high
            if grid_price > 0.15:  # $0.15/kWh threshold
                action = 'discharge'
                amount = discharge_amount

        new_storage_level = storage_level
        if action == 'charge':
            new_storage_level = storage_level + amount
        elif action == 'discharge':
            new_storage_level = storage_level - amount

        return {
            'action': action,
            'amount_kwh': amount,
            'storage_level_kwh': new_storage_level,
            'storage_percentage': (new_storage_level / storage_capacity) * 100
        }